Pathophysiology of diverticulitis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pathophysiology of diverticulitis - Essay Example The exact pathogenesis of diverticulitis is yet unknown (Hobson and Roberts, 2004). An insight into the structural changes in the diverticular disease has been found through studies on various postmortem and surgical specimens (Sheth et al, 2008). Initially, gastroenterologists proposed that a fecolith obstructing an abscessed diverticulum led to diverticulitis. However, in 1976, Sethbhakdi reported that studies on resected sigmoid diverticulitis specimens failed to support fecolith based pathogenesis theory. Infact, according to the author, these studies found perforation of the fundus of the diverticulum associated with pericolic or peridiverticular inflammmation in the resected specimens (Sethbhakdi, 1976). Also, 30 percent of the specimens showed no features of inflammation, but showed thickening of the intestinal wall (Sethbhakdi, 1976). The thickened and contracted colon part is known as mychosis. Mychosis was initially thought to be due to muscular hypertrophy. But now, it is understood to be due to elastin deposition and shortening of the bowel. Elastin deposition is thought to be due to increased uptake of a specific substance called proline from the Western diets (Sheth et al, 2008). ... Smaller perforations get covered by the pericolic fat. However, larger perforations can lead to other complications like abscess formation, rupture of intestine, fistula formation and peritonitis (Crowe et al, 2011). Fistulas can occur with other adjacent organs or with skin. The most common fistulas in men are colorectal fistulas. Fistulas are uncommon in women (Crowe et al, 2011). In population from the Western countries, the diverticula, especially in the colonic regions are "pseudo diverticula" because, the diverticula involve only the mucosal layer and submucosal layer and not the muscular and serosal layers (Sheth et al, 2008). There is whopping evidence that such pseudodiverticuli occur because of diets that are low in fibre. Among Asian population, the diverticuli are true diverticula (Sheth et al, 2008). They involve all the layers of the intestine and they are mainly seen in the proximal colonic region, unlike pseudo diverticuli which are seen in the distal colon, mainly th e sigmoid colon (Sheth et al, 2008). Decreased dietary fiber leads to low-volume stools which alter the motility of colon, causing increased luminal pressures. Such high pressures occur when the sigmoid colon undergoes a process called segmentation during smooth muscle contraction. Segmentation leads to distinct compartments of the sigmoid colon. When the stool volume is low, segmentation is exaggerated and the elevated intrasegmental pressures are transmitted across the colonic wall leading to the development of diverticula (Sheth et al, 2008). Typically diverticuli occur at weak points in the intestinal wall like points where vasa recti penetrate the smooth muscle of the intestine (Sheth et al,

College List Essay Example for Free

College List Essay Pg. 211 Check Comprehension 1. The speaker addresses the happy leaves, the happy lines, and the happy rhymes. The listeners are asked to deliver what he feels to the women he loves. 2. In Sonnet 35 the speaker wants the same type of visual devotion from his wife as he is to her. 3. In Sonnet 35 the speaker compares his eyes to narcissus and his own-self infatuation. 4. In the first four lines the speaker writes his wives name in the sand twice and then the tide washes the names away both times. One speaker is Edmund Spenser and the other is his wife. Critical Thinking 1. The Physical and emotional state of the speaker is evolved around the desire of having the girl because he doesn?t have her he is starving and becoming unhealthy emotionally, he is depressed because his heart is throbbing without her. 2. The ?object of their pain? that the speaker is talking about is the inability for his wife to give affection to him, but he gives it to her. 3. It expresses morality and poetry as being the same because once it is written it begins to fade and morality begins to fade also. 4. Pg 213 Check Comprehension 1. In sonnet 31 the speaker addresses the moon. 2. In sonnet 31 the moon appears to the speaker weak, sickly, and pale. The speaker believes that the cause of the moons sadness is that it does not receive the love that it deserves. 3. The six benefits that the speaker attributes to sleep are the certain knot of peace, the baiting place of wit, the balm of woe, the poor man?s wealth, the prisoners release, and the indifferent judge between the high and low. 4. In sonnet 39 the speaker wants to sleep to shield or escape his sorrow. Critical Thinking 1. The connection between the appearance moon and the thoughts that the speaker utters is that they both have pale and sickly faces that look very sad. 2. The speaker is seeking escape from his sorrow though sleep by using it as a shield. 3. Judging by what is said in each sonnet you can make the conclusion that each speaker is yearning for his love because they got into a fight and were separated. 4. The speakers lover might scorn the moon because of it?s love for her. 5. Sonnet 39 talks about his desire to sleep are related to how people still deal with problems. People believe psychologically that it heals their problems.

History Essays Sparta Foreign Policy

History Essays Sparta Foreign Policy Sparta Foreign Policy The beginning of Sparta was a city-state which began with the Dorian migration giving rise to the mighty polis. During this time there were endless military actions and invasions and Sparta fortified its locality through military might but also through the development of its agriculture, trade and crafts which transformed it into a self-sufficient and quite well-provided nation. Sparta became one of the strongest Greek city-states during the Hellenic era because of its order and organization. During the first few years the foreign policy of Sparta had two goals which were to succeed Athens as the leader of an Aegean-based naval empire, and to strengthen Spartas hold on the hegemony (leadership) of Greece (Buckley, Aspects of Greek History 750-323 BC, pg. 424). Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers Sparta, like most cities during that time seemed to have an aggressive policy toward there neighbors. Spartan foreign policies were biased many of the people did not like the way the states had been set up so they usually supported by a Spartan garrison. Sparta had an essentially a foreign policy that was cautious which kept Sparta out of the military involvements near the Aegean. With the expansion of Persia you saw a number of Greek colonies being captured and turned into dependent states belong to the Persian Empire. Many cities did try revolting against Persia. During this time they requested help from Sparta but they refused to help these cities which many felt was very wrong but this seemed to reflect how Sparta was during that time frame along with the fact that Sparta had no resources or equipment to help support a war that was being fought on the other side of the Aegean. Part of the policy of Sparta was once they taken control of one of their neighbors and had them under there influence they would not pursue them any further. They felt that they did not need to expand any further into that country. Also part of the policy of Sparta was not to unify Greece. They felt they did not need to have one rule but they had a policy in place to that it would prevent other states from trying to take total control of Sparta. Do we believe this policy to be successful? I believe it was successful for many years but eventually failed when Sparta lost control to the Macedonians. Eventually we would see Sparta depart from they cautious polices to that they could preserve their democracy. In the second half of the 6th century, Sparta won a reputation as the bulwark of democracy against tyranny by repeatedly coming to the assistance of democratic elements in other cities and helping them to depose their tyrants. Plutarch claims, for example, that Sparta was instrumental in deposing the tyrants in Corinth, Naxon, Athens (Hippias) and Sikyon (Sparta Reconsidered Diplomacy). Many people today have a problem with this but knowing how the people of Sparta believed that there might be some truth to this. Why was this statement even questioned by people? They believed that the Spartan foreign policy of intervention in the internal affairs of other cities can be seen as preventive self-defense. Another explanation, of course, is that the tyrants tended to be populist leaders who catered to the mob. As such, they were viewed as more dangerous to the conservative Spartan s than democracies dominated by aristocratic elites. (Sparta Reconsidered Diplomacy). Many historians believe that the Spartan Kings were able to influence the foreign policy by trying to influence the officials. Since the kings were not able to make the foreign policy of Sparta they felt that if they were able to influence those in control they would be able to get what they wanted. On a formal level, foreign policy seems to have been in the hands of the ephors (Mitchell, Greeks Bearing Gifts, pg. 64). Part of the problem was the many did not think that the ephors had as much power as the kings believed they did. We do have to be careful when we consider the effect that the foreign policy of Sparta had on foreign policy. It did seem that the main policy of Sparta was: the main objectives of Spartan policy form 600 to 400 B.C. were to prvent any state in Greece from becoming dangerous and to bar any outsider from entering the Aegean world (Starr, The Ancient Greeks, pg 115) From my readings I found that during the 6th and 5th centuries it was believed that Last but not least, the conservatism of Spartas 6th and 5th century foreign policy is reflected in the fact that Sparta was extremely reluctant to move against Athensdespite rising pressure for support from the city-states chafing under Athens increasingly oppressive and arrogant hegemony.(Sparta Reconsidered Diplomacy) Did Spartan Foreign Policy have an impact on the world today? Yes I do think that we can see common factors between ancient Greece and the contemporary world. This impact has had an impact on many nations spanning over twenty-four centuries. Has it always had a positive impact, probably not but we do see that these policies had a great impact on the course of human events References Buckley, Terry. Aspects Of Greek History 750-323 BC: A Source-Based Approach. New York: Routledge, 1996. 424 [online] books.google. New York: Routledge, 1996., 424. Available from: http://www.questia.com/library/book/aspects-of-greek-history-750-323-bc-a-source-based-approach-by-terry-buckley.jsp Accessed August 30, 2008 Mitchell, Lynette G.. Greeks Bearing Gifts: The Public Use of Private Relationships in the Greek World, 435-323 BC. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 64 Available from: http://books.google.com/books?hl=enid=FbVPFJQtoZgCdq=Mitchell,+Lynette+G..+Greeks+Bearing+Gifts:+The+Public+Use+of+Private+Relationships+in+the+Greek+World,+435-323+BC.printsec=frontcoversource=webots=oL_hF8Vwo7sig=B8C9j7rGsRYYTaA_CK96Jmze6oMsa=Xoi=book_resultresnum=1ct=result Accessed August 30, 2008 Sparta Reconsidered Spartan Diplomacy. Elysium Gates Web Hosting. http://elysiumgates.com/~helena/Diplomacy.html (accessed August 30, 2008). Starr, Chester. The Ancient Greeks. Library of Congress: Oxford University Press, 1971.

Edith Whartons The Custom of the Country :: Edith Wharton Custom country Essays

Edith Wharton's The Custom of the Country In The Custom of the Country, Edith Wharton weaves business and greed into the society of her novel. Undine, the heroine of the novel, has insatiable wants, complete disregard for anyone else’s needs and frightening precision in getting what she desires. Although the novel very rarely treads into the offices of Wall Street and only alludes to the business practices making and breaking the characters, business is brought into the parlor and even bedroom of Undine Spragg, â€Å"She had done this incredible thing, and she had done it from motive that seemed, at the time, as clear, as logical, as free from the distorting mists of sentimentality, as any of her father’s financial enterprises. It had been a bold move, but it had been as carefully calculated as the happiest Wall Street ‘stroke.’ She had gone away with Peter because, after the decisive scene in which she had put her power to the test, to yield to him seemed the surest means of victory.† (p.229) In this passage she goes over the recent unfavorable events of divorcing her sickly husband and then, compromising her respectability, goes about with Peter Van Degen. She describes this play with only regret that she had been foiled in her plans. The language of this reflection is all business, a disturbing theme of the novel. She does not feel even compassion for the hard-working husband who forfeited his health to give her what he could, and thinks of her relationship with Van Degen as a game of cat and mouse. Undine and her comrades of the nouveau riche social climbers embody the sense of the modern American woman, so effected by the commerce infused atmosphere, they become their own kind of entrepreneurs. Looking for husbands they go about their work with precise study and in Undine’s case, careful emulation, hoping for a glamorous lifestyle for which their husbands will merely provide a good name and unlimited funds. This passage exemplifies Undine’s philosophy on how to go about life: by calculating and trading. Undine in her constant need to emulate and fit in, takes from the business background of the novel the same skills and puts them to use in her own selfish plots.

Evaluate the Possible Consequences of Michelin Failing to Meet Its Aims and Objectives Essay

Objectives – markets and customers, employees, economic performances, environmental policy and product/manufacturing. These provide guidance for management actions. Most organisations have general or overall aims which they can break down into specific objectives and aims. If aims and objectives fail to be successful there is a change the business will no longer work out. Michelin will have many consequences if the business fails to meet aims and objectives. Meeting stakeholder’s needs: Michelin looks to combine high levels of all stakeholder groupings. The company recognises that its long-term development depends on maintaining a balance between the needs of customers, employees, shareholders and the environment. This involves not only considering the `individual benefit` of a particular stakeholder grouping, but also the `collective benefit` of all the groups. Michelins policy on products and services reflect this approach. Michelin recognises that its long term success and development depends on maintaining a balance between all of its stakeholders needs. If there is an Impact on the stakeholders – Employees will not have a safe, secure job and may have to take a pay cut or reduce hours they work, this may lead employees to look into finding a different job where they know the business is successful. They may not get the level of training they have been used to. Customers may no longer be able to buy the same quality of goods and services if they fail to meet their aims and objectives this will be a big downfall in the business, they could lose customers which will make the business very unsuccessful. Shareholders may not receive the same return on investment that they once did or are looking for. Shareholders want a healthy dividend. Suppliers may not benefit from regular orders and prompt management from Michelin. If Michelin are meeting their objectives they will struggle financially this will cause many problems. Public authorities such as the local business community may no longer give Michelin the support and co-operation it once did this is because the business is not working as it used to. Communities may be affected by Michelin not meeting its aims and bjectives as it may put local people out of jobs as it has 125,000 employees. Environment may be affected by Michelin not meeting its aims and objectives as their products may become not very environmentally friendly. This will lose the business respect and potentially customers as well. Michelins current policy on products and services reflects this collective approach and will help them to meet targets of the business, without aims and objectives the business will have hardly any chance of being successful in the near future.

Essay on Anthro EXAM REVIEW

Essay on Anthro EXAM REVIEW Essay on Anthro EXAM REVIEW Exam Review UNIT ONE: Anthropology  ­ studies the origins, beliefs, development, and customs of humans. It interests in earliest forms of human race. Anthropology is divided into three groups: ââ€"  Physical  ­ how humans have adapted ââ€"  Cultural  ­ different societies are compared ââ€"  Social  ­ studies social organization of people Questions anthropologists may ask include: ââ€"  how does the distant evolutionary past affect us today? ââ€"  how are humans different from apes? Fields of study include: ââ€"  culture  ­ is it transmitted from one person to the other? ââ€"  ethnographic studies  ­ cultures change over time ââ€"  myth  ­ cultural values are transmitted from one generation to the next ââ€"  kinship  ­ members of a social group define themselves ââ€"  participant observation  ­ living with people to understand their culture Psychology  ­ studies the behaviour, mental processes, and personality of humans. What motivates individuals to behave in a certain way. There are 4 main fields of psychology: ââ€"  Experimental (conducts experiments on how humans behave) ââ€"  Developmental (how people grow) ââ€"  Social (how behaviour is influenced by groups ââ€"  Applied/Clinical (utilizes training to help people such as social workers, etc) Questions psychologists may ask include: ââ€"  What causes mental illness? ââ€"  Is personality inherited or learned? Fields of study include: ââ€"  Psychoanalysis  ­ inner experiences of the mind. Used on patients who suffer from severe anxieties and tension. ââ€"  Behavioural  ­ analysis principles of behaviour because it is observable, yet it can be studied more objectively than the visible mind. ââ€"  Cognitive  ­ perception, learning, memory, reasoning. studies how people deal with their environment, learn and remember things, make decisions, and examines how values and beliefs play a role in our lives. Sociology  ­ studies the social behaviour and how people interact, how it shapes our world. Areas include: ââ€"  gender roles ââ€"  stereotyping ââ€"  crime rates ââ€"  poverty ââ€"  peer pressure. Questions sociologists may ask include: ââ€"  Is our education system successful? ââ€"  Why are there so many gangs? Fields of study include: ââ€"  Functionalism  ­ society is studied like the human bodyÍ ¾ as each organ in the body performs a function, so does each institution in society. All are protected when all parts work together and do their jobs. ââ€"  Conflict theory  ­ studies social patterns. Produce goods to meet the needs and wants. Groups compete and struggle for resources and power. Social class form  ­ some have power over others ââ€"  Symbolic interactionism  ­ small scale patterns in everyday interactions. Humans have the ability to reason, we make the rules and learn what roles to play based on our audience or society. Hall of Fame (Anthropology) Leakey Family ââ€"  Primates  ­ a member of the mammal group with the most developed brains such as a human, ape, gorilla, etc. ââ€"  Experimented with stone aged tools to discover how our ancestors hunted for food. Jane Goodall ââ€"  worked with the leakey family ââ€"  was forced to work with chimpanzees ââ€"  her research showed what the human kingdom might have been like thousands of years ago. Hall of fame (Psychology) Ivan Pavlov ââ€"  Studied conditioned behaviour ââ€"  unconditioned stimulus (hot food on a cold day) ââ€"  unconditioned response (shivering when cold) ââ€"  conditioned stimulus (sound of a can opener) ââ€"  conditioned response (getting excited before meeting an old friend) Sigmund Freud ââ€"  developed psychoanalysis ââ€"  conscious mind (memories we can recall) ââ€"  unconscious mind (memories that we cannot recall) ââ€"  unconscious mind is more influence on human behaviour ââ€"  free association (when a therapist enters a patient's unconscious mind) ââ€"  ID/Contacts (contains all the primitive parts of our personality) ââ€"  Superego (urges us to do good things) ââ€"  Ego (doing right from wrong) ââ€"  Defense mechanism (mind uses to deal with anxiety) ââ€"  psychiatry (treatment of mental disorders) Hall of fame